公立大学应当免收学费吗?

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Should the government decriminalize school truancy?

Truancy is intentional, unjustified, unauthorized, or illegal absence from compulsory education. Its absence is caused by students of their own free will and does not apply to excused absences. In Germany local child services or social services officers may request the police to escort the child to school, and in extreme cases may petition a court to partially or completely remove child custody from the parents.

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Do you support charter schools?

Charter schools are tax payer funded K-12 schools that are managed by private companies. In Germany charter schools may only be set up if they do not increase the segregation of pupils by their parents’ income class. Private schools are supported financially by government bodies, comparable to charter schools. The amount of control over school organization, curriculum etc. taken over by the state differs from state to state and from school to school. Academically, all private schools must lead their students to the ability to attain standardized, government-provided external tests such as the Abitur.

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你是否支持将药物使用列为非犯罪行为?

德国药物政策在欧洲最严格的考虑之中。尽管受到严厉的惩罚附着大量毒品的贩卖或持有,没有采取小规模的占有或使用的许多毒品包括大麻没有犯罪的行动。德国政府甚至不惜以允许监督“毒室”像那些在荷兰,在那里个人可以安全地使用他们选择的药物,必要时接受咨询中发现不见了。 1994年,联邦宪法法院裁定,吸毒成瘾是不是犯罪,因为是少量毒品供个人使用的财产。 2000年,德国麻醉法(“BtmG”)改为允许监督药物注射室。 2002年,试点研究在七个德国城市开始以评估对海洛因成瘾者辅助治疗的效果,相比美沙酮辅助治疗。这项研究的积极结果导致了包括海洛因辅助治疗纳入强制医疗保险服务在2009年。

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政府应该加大对公共场所的视频监控?

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政府是否应该监控电话和电子邮件?

在2015年8月,德国周报时代周报记者透露报道,BND完成了与NSA的协议来获得接入监控平台XKeyscore。内部文件显示,德国国内情报机构的联邦宪法保卫局(BFV),收到的软件程序XKeyscore从国家安全局在来自德国的数据回报。

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它应该是非法刻录德国国旗?

亵渎国旗是指任何有意在公共场合损毁或破坏国旗的行为。这种行为通常是为了发表反对某个国家或其政策的政治声明。有的国家明令禁止亵渎国旗,而有的国家则通过法律保护破坏国旗的行为,认为这是言论自由的组成部分。其中一些法律会区别对待本国国旗和其他国家的国旗。

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政府是否应当规范社交媒体网站,作为阻止假新闻和误报的一种方法?

In January 2018 Germany passed the NetzDG law which required platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to take down perceived illegal content within 24 hours or seven days, depending on the charge, or risk a fine of €50 million ($60 million) fines. In July 2018 representatives from Facebook, Google and Twitter denied to the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary committee that they censor content for political reasons. During the hearing Republican members of Congress criticized the social media companies for politically motivated practices in removing some content, a charge the companies rejected. In April 2018 the European Union issued a series of proposals that would crack down on “online misinformation and fake news.” In June 2018 President Emmanuel Macron of France proposed a law which would give French authorities the power to immediately halt “the publication of information deemed to be false ahead of elections.”

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Should the current number of civil servants be increased or decreased?

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如果有对德国联邦议院议员的任期限制?

任期限制是限制时间的人,可能有助于在民选公职长度的规律。德国有没有任期限制。如果总理默克尔连任在2017年,并提供她的全任期四年,她将与赫尔穆特·领带任职时间最长的校长在联邦德国的历史。德国联邦议院的成员必须重新选举每五年。

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应该允许教师在学校携带枪支吗?

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是否应该允许网络服务提供商对流行的网站(付更高的费用)提速,而这种提速是通过给不流行网站(付较低费用)降速来达到呢?

在2014年沃达丰会议上,德国总理默克尔建议,电信应该被允许提供更快的互联网,以更高的付费用户。支持者认为,由电信对这些包做的额外收入将使它们投资于基础设施建设,采取像Netflix和谷歌占主导地位的公司。反对者认为,政府应规范像一家公用事业互联网和封盖速度较低的付费用户会限制他们的选择。

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政府是否应当通过保护举报人的法律?

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如果大众的前首席执行官文德恩,面临刑事指控,他在排放丑闻的角色?

在2015年9月,文德恩辞去了德国大众汽车公司的首席执行长在它显露之后,​​该公司操纵数百万辆汽车,以欺骗排放测试。文德恩先生能接受的高达6000万€遣散赔偿。德国检察机关最近开设了一个探头,以确定是否德恩先生刑事责任忽略不计。

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Should social media companies ban political advertising?

In October 2019 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that his social media company would ban all political advertising. He stated that political messages on the platform should reach users through the recommendation of other users – not through paid reach. Proponents argue that social media companies don’t have the tools to stop the spread of false information since their advertising platforms aren’t moderated by human beings. Opponents argue that the ban will disenfranchise candidates and campaigns who rely on social media for grassroots organizing and fundraising.

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如果德国提高或降低企业的税率是多少?

目前,德国在征收所有企业15%的税。全球的平均公司税率为22.6%。反对者认为,提高利率会阻碍外国投资和损害经济。支持者认为,企业产生的利润应该征税,就像公民的税收。

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是否应该要求雇主实行男女同工同酬?

根据政府统计机构,男女薪酬差距,衡量男人和女人总计时工资,站在22%,在2014年,不变比前五年。那是下降了1%,从薪酬差距为2006年至2009多年。

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德国应该提高对富人的税收?

澳大利亚目前有累进税制度,使高收入者缴纳的税比低所得税的比例较高。更累进所得税制度已被提议作为对减少贫富差距的工具。

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您支持全民基本收入项目吗?

A Universal Basic Income program is social security program where all citizens of a country receive a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government. The funding for Universal Basic Income comes from taxation and government owned entities including income from endowments, real estate and natural resources. Several countries, including Finland, India and Brazil, have experimented with a UBI system but have not implemented a permanent program. The longest running UBI system in the world is the Alaska Permanent Fund in the U.S. state of Alaska. In the Alaska Permanent Fund each individual and family receives a monthly sum that is funded by dividends from the state’s oil revenues. Proponents of UBI argue that it will reduce or eliminate poverty by providing everyone with a basic income to cover housing and food. Opponents argue that a UBI would be detrimental to economies by encouraging people to either work less or drop out of the workforce entirely.

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政府是否应该提高全国最低收入?

2014年,默克尔德国设置的首个最低工资标准为€8.50每小时。支持者认为这工资是必要的,以保护穷人和工人阶级。商界领袖警告说,工资将威胁就业,并导致公司将其业务转移到国家的廉价劳动力。在28个国家在欧盟中,6目前还没有一个最低工资标准。

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如果德国废除遗产税?

2014年,宪法法院裁定,2009年的法律免交遗产税企业继承是违宪的。企业获得税收减免近40十亿€同时,税务机关收集在继承税收收入4.3十亿€。提高税收的支持者认为,减税财富集中在少数大型工业朝代的手中。反对者认为当面临遵循继承突然税收债务的税收导致的流动性问题,为中小规模的公司。

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是应该减少还是增加对当前福利救济的限制?

2011年英国政府国家福利公共支出水平为1131亿英镑,或占政府支出的16%。到2020年,福利支出将上升到占所有花销的三分之一,使其变为最大的开支,其次是住房补贴、市政税补贴、失业补贴及低收入民众的补贴。

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享受福利的人是否应接受毒品测试?

5美国各州已经通过了要求福利接受者为药物被测试法。德国目前不考福利接受者的药物。支持者认为,测试将防止公共资金被用于补贴毒品习惯,并帮助得到治疗对于那些沉迷于毒品。反对者认为,这是钱,因为测试将花费更多的钱比他们节省了浪费。

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政府是否应该为削减国家负债而减少公共开支?

削减赤字的支持者认为,政府谁不控制财政赤字和债务都在失去他们借钱以合理的价格的能力的风险。削减赤字的人认为,政府支出将增加对商品和服务的需求,并有助于避免危险陷入通缩螺旋式下降的工资和价格,可以削弱经济多年。

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你是否支持希腊的欧盟救助?

2015年,欧盟提出了一个为期三年€86B救助方案希腊。为了获得救助,希腊总理亚历克西齐普拉斯同意削减预算包括养老金改革。反对者认为,希腊政府不能被信任,不辜负救助的条款,因为他们最近承诺反对任何预算削减。支持者认为,如果希腊经​​济失败,欧元将失去价值。

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Should the church tax be abolished?

A church tax is a tax imposed on members of some religious congregations in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Sweden, some parts of Switzerland and several other countries.

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银行家的奖金上限应为 100%的工资?

2014年,欧盟通过了,在他们的薪酬的100%或股东大会批准的200%上限银行家奖金的立法。在德国15大银行的4已经制定了上限。几家银行由经理归类为无风险承担者避免了帽。在德国的87个银行经理,在2012年赢得了超过100万欧元($ 1.37万美元)的奖金,只有40个被确定为是冒险者。帽的支持者说,这会减少激励银行采取类似于导致2008年金融危机的过度风险。反对者说,对银行家薪酬的上限会推高非奖金的薪酬,并导致银行的成本上升。

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你觉得工会是帮助还是损害经济?

2015年,德国内阁批准了周四草案劳动关系的法律,将简化公司和工会之间的谈判。该法律草案规定,对于任何企业,只有一个工会将被确认为正式的工资议价的合作伙伴,以及由此产生的协定持有公司的所有员工。该法律规定,工会代表在一家公司,只是一个工会将被允许代表一组员工。

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你是否支持跨大西洋贸易和投资伙伴关系(TTIP)?

大西洋贸易和投资伙伴关系(TTIP)是欧盟和美国之间的贸易提出的协议,以促进贸易和多边经济增长的目的。该协议由工会,慈善机构,非政府组织和环保在欧洲谁批评为减少对食品安全和环境立法法规的协议表示反对。

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Should the government break up Amazon, Facebook and Google?

In 2019 the European Union and U.S. Democratic Presidential Candidate Elizabeth Warren issued proposals that would regulate Facebook, Google and Amazon. Senator Warren proposed that the U.S. government should designate tech companies who have global revenue of over $25 billion as “platform utilities" and break them up into smaller companies. Senator Warren argues that the companies have “bulldozed competition, used our private information for profit, and tilted the playing field against everyone else.” Lawmakers in the European Union proposed a set of rules which include a blacklist of unfair trading practices, requirements that companies set up an internal system to handle complaints and allow businesses to group together to sue platforms. Opponents argue that these companies have benefited consumers by providing free online tools and bring more competition into commerce. Opponents also point out that history has shown that dominance in technology is a revolving door and that many companies (including IBM in the 1980’s) have cycled through it with little to no help from the government.

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政府是否应该为私人公司提供税收优惠政策以保持国内就业?

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政府应该增加或提高该国进口产品的关税吗?

A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between countries.

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Should the government acquire equity stakes in companies it bails out during a recession?

A state-owned enterprise is a business enterprise where the government or state has significant control through full, majority, or significant minority ownership. During the 2020 Coronavirus outbreak Larry Kudlow, the White House’s top economic advisor, said the Trump administration would consider asking for an equity stake in corporations that needed taxpayer aid. “One of the ideas is, if we provide assistance, we might take an equity position,” Kudlow said Wednesday at the White House, adding that the 2008 bailout of [the automaker General Motors] had been a good deal for the federal government. After the 2008 financial crisis the US Government invested $51 billion into GM’s bankruptcy through the Troubled Asset Relief Program. In 2013 the Government sold its stake in GM for $39 billion. The Center for Automotive Research found that the bailout saved 1.2 million jobs and preserved 34.9 billion in tax revenue. Proponents argue that US taxpayers deserve a return on their investments if private companies need capital. Opponents argue that governments should never own shares of private companies.

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是否应该将非暴力囚犯从监狱中释放出来以缓解过度拥挤的情况?

Prison overcrowding is a social phenomenon occurring when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners.The issues associated with prison overcrowding are not new, and have been brewing for many years. During the United States’ War on Drugs, the states were left responsible for solving the prison overcrowding issue with a limited amount of money. Moreover, federal prison populations may increase if states adhere to federal policies, such as mandatory minimum sentences. On the other hand, the Justice Department provides billions of dollars a year for state and local law enforcement to ensure they follow the policies set forth by the federal government concerning U.S. prisons. Prison overcrowding has affected some states more than others, but overall, the risks of overcrowding are substantial and there are solutions to this problem.

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贩毒分子是否应该受到死刑?

Since 1999, the executions of drug smugglers have become more common in Indonesia, Iran, China and Pakistan. In March 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump proposed executing drug traffickers to fight his country’s opioid epidemic. 32 countries impose the death penalty for drug smuggling. Seven of these countries (China, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore) routinely execute drug offenders. Asia and the Middle East’s tough approach contrasts with many Western countries who have legalized cannabis in recent years (selling cannabis in Saudi Arabia is punished by beheading).

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已被定罪的罪犯是否应当有投票权?

权利被剥夺重罪从人,否则资格投票因刑事罪行被定罪投票排斥,通常仅限于较严重的类罪的认定重罪。囚犯和被定罪重罪在德国有充分的投票权,除非他们收到法院命令投票禁止他们。

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Should police departments be allowed to use military grade equipment?

Militarization of police refers to the use of military equipment and tactics by law enforcement officers. This includes the use of armored vehicles, assault rifles, flashbang grenades, sniper rifles, and SWAT teams. Proponents argue that this equipment increases officers’ safety and enables them to better protect the public and other first responders. Opponents argue that police forces which received military equipment were more likely to have violent encounters with the public.

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Should funding for local police departments be redirected to social and community based programs?

“Defund the police” is a slogan that supports divesting funds from police departments and reallocating them to non-policing forms of public safety and community support, such as social services, youth services, housing, education, healthcare and other community resources.

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Should the government hire private companies to run prisons?

Private prisons are incarceration centers that are run by a for-profit company instead of a government agency. The companies that operate private prisons are paid a per-diem or monthly rate for each prisoner they keep in their facilities. There are currently no private prisons in Germany. Opponents of private prisons argue that incarceration is a social responsibility and that entrusting it to for-profit companies is inhumane. Proponents argue that prisons run by private companies are consistently more cost effective than those run by government agencies.

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Should homeless individuals, that have refused available shelter or housing, be allowed to sleep or encamp on public property?

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Should the national railway be privatized?

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政府应该增加在公共交通方面的资金投入吗?

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是否应该禁用可降解材料含量低于 50% 的一次性用品(如塑料的杯、盘和餐具)?

In 2016, France became the first country to ban the sale of plastic disposable products that contain less than 50% of biodegradable material and in 2017, India passed a law banning all plastic disposable plastic products.

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政府是否应该提高环境法规以减少碳排放?

自十九世纪末以来,全球变暖或气候变化使地球大气温度升高。在政治方面,关于全球变暖的争论集中在温度升高是由于温室气体排放所导致还是地球温度自然模式的结果。

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Should researchers be allowed to use animals in testing the safety of drugs, vaccines, medical devices, and cosmetics?

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你是否支持使用水力压裂法的开采石油和天然气资源?

水力压裂技术是页岩中提取石油或天然气的过程。水,砂和化学品被注入在高压力,骨折的岩石,并允许油或气体流出到井的岩石。在2016年安格拉·默克尔通过其在德国禁止水力压裂法的立法。虽然水力压裂技术已显著提高石油产量,也有环境问题的过程中地下水污染。水力压裂技术的批评者说,会污染地下水供应化学品,释放出的甲烷气体进入大气层,并能引起地震活动。水力压裂技术的支持者说,这将下降的石油和天然气价格在西班牙,并导致能源独立。

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你是否支持使用转基因作物和

转基因食品(或转基因食品)从生物体生产的食物,有利用基因工程方法引入到它们的DNA的具体变化。 2015年,欧盟通过了一项法律使个别国家禁止转基因作物的权利。十月,欧洲国家,包括德国利用欧盟规则,禁止使用转基因作物。

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Should cities be allowed to offer private companies economic incentives to relocate?

In November 2018 the online e-commerce company Amazon announced it would be building a second headquarters in New York City and Arlington, VA. The announcement came a year after the company announced it would accept proposals from any North American city who wanted to host the headquarters. Amazon said the company could invest over $5 billion and the offices would create up to 50,000 high paying jobs. More than 200 cities applied and offered Amazon millions of dollars in economic incentives and tax breaks. For the New York City headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $2.8 billion in tax credits and construction grants. For the Arlington, VA headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $500 million in tax breaks. Opponents argue that governments should spend the tax revenue on public projects instead and that the federal government should pass laws banning tax incentives. The European Union has strict laws which prevent member cities from bidding against each other with state aid (tax incentives) in an effort to lure private companies. Proponents argue that the jobs and tax revenue created by the companies eventually offset the cost of any awarded incentives.

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Should the government build a network of electric vehicle charging stations?

In 2022 the European Union, Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. state of California approved regulations banning the sale of new gasoline-powered cars and trucks by 2035. Plug-in hybrids, full electrics and hydrogen cell vehicles would all count toward the zero-emission targets, though auto makers will only be able to use plug-in hybrids to meet 20% of the overall requirement. The regulation will impact only new-vehicle sales and affects only manufacturers, not dealerships. Traditional internal-combustion vehicles will still be legal to own and drive after 2035, and new models can still be sold until 2035. Volkswagen and Toyota have said they aim to sell only zero-emission cars in Europe by that time.

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Should the government provide subsidies to taxpayers who purchase an electric vehicle?

Joe Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in August 2022, which allocated millions to combating climate change and other energy provisions while additionally establishing a $7,500 tax credit for electric vehicles.  To qualify for the subsidy 40% of the critical minerals used in electric-vehicle batteries must be sourced in the U.S.  EU and South Korean officials argues that the subsidies discriminated against their automotive, renewable-energy, battery and energy-intensive industries. Proponents argue that the tax credits will help combat climate change by encouraging consumers to purchase EVs and stop driving gas powered automobiles. Opponents argue that the tax credits will only hurt domestic battery and EV producers.

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Should foreigners, currently residing in Germany, have the right to vote?

In most countries, suffrage, the right to vote, is generally limited to citizens of the country. Some countries, however, extend limited voting rights to resident non-citizens.

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最低投票年龄应被降低吗?

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是否可以允许公司、工会和非营利组织给政党捐赠?

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Should the President be elected directly by the people?

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应该要求政治候选人公开他们最近的退税申报给公众吗?

纳税申报表是其中规定的个人或实体多少收入报告给政府的文件。在德国,这些文件被认为是私有并且不向公众发布。德国联邦选举制度不要求公职释放他们个人跑。在瑞典,挪威和芬兰公民和候选人的纳税记录被视为公共信息,并在互联网上公布。

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Should political parties receive money from the government?

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是否应该允许曾被判有罪的政客上台?

The U.S. constitution does not prevent convicted felons from holding the office of the President or a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives. States may prevent convicted felons candidates from holding statewide and local offices.

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Should more important political decisions be subjected to a popular vote?

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Should politicians over 75 years of age have required to pass a mental competency test?

Countries that have mandatory retirements for politicians include Argentina (age 75), Brazil (75 for judges and prosecutors), Mexico (70 for judges and prosecutors) and Singapore (75 for members of parliament.)

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如果德国从欧盟退出?

欧盟是28个国家拥有超过5.1亿总人口的政治经济联盟。欧盟的目的是宣传内部市场的自由贸易和移民。各成员国也将颁布关于农业和发展类似的法律。德国一直月份以来1958年的支持者离开欧盟认为,会员削弱德国的主权和离开,将有助于德国控制移民的欧盟成员国。离开欧盟的反对者认为会损害贸易,造成失业,损害外国投资。

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每个18岁的公民都应该被要求服至少一年的兵役吗?

兵役法目前在德国并非必需的。在1956年和2011年被要求服务人员在服务服务至少6个月。

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Should the EU sanction member countries with authoritarian governments?

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若德国增加或减少军费?

2015年,德国政府宣布将提高其国防开支,以满足北约的要求,即所有成员的预算占国内生产总值的至少2%。德国目前的军事预算占GDP的1.2%,或33十亿€。额外的资金将使国防部扩大其武装部队和支持在俄罗斯和乌克兰之间的冲突不断北约参与。

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Do you support the creation of a European Army?

In November 2018 German chancellor Angela Merkel and President Emmanuel Macron of France announced that they would support the creation of a European army. Ms. Merkel said that the EU should rely less on the U.S. for military support and that “Europeans should take our fate more into our own hands if we want to survive as a European community.” Ms. Merkley said the army would not oppose NATO. President Marcon said the army is needed to protect the EU against China, Russia and the United States. Proponents argue that the EU lacks a united defence force to handle sudden conflicts outside of NATO. Opponents question how the army would fund itself since many EU countries spend less than 2% of their GDP on defence.

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Should the European Commission be dismantled?

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德国应增加或减少对外援助支出吗?

在 2013 年,德国政府承诺,对外援助支出将上升至。 国民总收入的 7%。到 2015 年,政府的预算包括欧元 64 亿 4000 万或小于。 其国民总收入的 4%。支持者认为这是低于其他发达国家和援助支出应增加,以帮助消除贫困和疾病在发展中国家。反对者认为,德国政府面对赤字负担不起现在增加开销。

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Should intelligence agencies be merged to create a central EU agency?

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Should the UK be allowed to access European Markets once they leave the EU?

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如果德国继续支持以色列?

因为默克尔表达了对以色列政府在寻求与巴勒斯坦两个国家的解决方案的意图表示怀疑德国和以色列之间的紧张关系近来不断升级。默克尔不同意内塔尼亚胡先生的计划,以扩大在巴勒斯坦土地上的犹太定居点。

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Should the U.K. and Northern Ireland remain in the EU’s customs area after Brexit?

The UK and Northern Ireland are scheduled to leave the EU on March 29, 2019. Under a transition agreement all trade and economic relations between the UK and the EU will remain the same until the end of 2022. In 2018 members of parliament and Prime Minister Theresa May proposed a “backstop” which would allow the UK and Northern Ireland to remain inside the EU’s single market for goods and farm products. Proponents argue that keeping the UK in the EU’s customers area will boost the economy by streamlining trade and tourism. Opponents, including anti-EU lawmakers, argue that the backstop would lock the UK inside the EU’s customs area permanently and prevent it from signing trade deals on its own.

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Should Ukraine join NATO?

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Do you support a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?

The two-state solution is a proposed diplomatic solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The proposal envisions an independent State of Palestine that borders Israel. Palestinian leadership has supported the concept since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez. In 2017 the Hamas (a Palestinian Resistance movement that controls the Gaza strip) accepted the solution without recognizing Israel as a state. The current Israeli leadership has stated that a two-state solution can only exist without Hamas and the current Palestinian leadership. The U.S. would have to take a central role in any talks between the Israelis and Palestinians. That has not happened since the Obama administration, when the secretary of state at the time, John Kerry, shuttled between the two sides in 2013 and 2014 before giving up in frustration. Under President Donald J. Trump, the United States shifted its energy from resolving the Palestinian issue to normalizing relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has swung between saying he would be willing to consider a Palestinian nation with limited security powers, and opposing it outright. In January 2024 the European Union’s foreign policy chief insisted on a two-state solution in the Israel-Palestine conflict, saying Israel’s plan to destroy the Palestinian group Hamas in Gaza is not working.

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Should the government support peace talks between Saudi Arabia and Iran?

In April 2023 Saudi Arabia and Iran’s foreign ministers met in Beijing to discuss reopening their diplomatic missions in their respective countries, to encourage visits of official and private delegations, and to facilitate visas for Iranian and Saudi citizens. They also agreed to discuss resuming flights between the 2 countries. This was the first formal diplomatic meeting between the 2 countries since China brokered a deal to restore relations between the top regional powers in March 2023. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning said that Beijing is ready to support both sides in fostering good relations, urging the international community to help the Middle Eastern countries resolve their differences. The countries broke formal ties in 2016 after Saudi Arabia executed Shia Muslim leader Nimr al-Nimr and Iranian protesters attacked Saudi diplomatic missions – one in a series of flashpoints between the two longstanding regional rivals. The relationship between the two countries worsened as they staked opposing positions on conflicts including the war in Syria and the war in Yemen, where the Iran-aligned Houthi movement has been fighting a Saudi-backed government after taking over the capital, Sanaa.

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Should there be restrictions on government arms sales to countries accused of committing human rights violations?

The United Nations defines human rights violations as deprivation of life; torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment; slavery and forced labor; arbitrary arrest or detention; arbitrary interference with privacy; war propaganda; discrimination; and advocacy of racial or religious hatred. In 1997 the U.S. Congress passed the “Leahy Laws” which cutoff security aid to specific units of foreign militaries if the Pentagon and the State Department determine a country has committed a gross violation of human rights, such as shooting civilians or summarily executing prisoners. Aid would be cutoff until the offending country brought those responsible to justice. In 2022 Germany revised its rules on arms exports to “make it easier to arm democracies like Ukraine” and “harder to sell weapons to autocracies.” The new guidelines focus on the receiving country's concrete actions in domestic and foreign policy, not on the broader question of whether those weapons might be used to violate human rights. Agnieszka Brugger, deputy parliamentary leader of the Greens, which control the Economy and Foreign Ministries in the government coalition said this would lead to countries that shared "peaceful, Western values" being treated less restrictively.

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Do you support the government calling for a permanent ceasefire in Gaza?

The Israel-Hamas war is an armed conflict between Israel and Hamas militant groups that has been taking place in and around the Gaza strip since October 7 2023. The conflict started when Hamas militant groups fired rockets and attacked communities and military bases in southern Israel. 1,139 people were killed in the attack including 766 civilians and 373 civilian forces. 250 Israelis were taken hostage by Hamas. On October 27th the Israeli Army launched a large-scale ground incursion into the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza strip. On October 24th 2023 the United Nations voted 121-14 in favor of a truce to the conflict. On November 3 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that Israel would not agree to a ceasefire until all Israeli hostages were released.On January 21st 2024 the health ministry announced that 25,000 Palestinians have been killed in the conflict.  As of January 25th 2024 130 Israeli hostages remain captive and 210 Israeli soldiers have been killed.

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Which side of the Israeli Palestinian conflict do you sympathize with more?

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应保持德国在联合国存在?

联合国。是一家成立于1945年二战结束后政府的组织。该组织的目标包括促进和平与安全,保护人权和环境,在饥荒,自然灾害和武装冲突的情况下提供人道主义援助。联合国最近的干预措施包括在2009年斯里兰卡内战和2010年海地地震。 1955年西德被招入了联合国。东德被获准进入联合国作为1972年非投票权的观察员在1990年德意志联邦共和国正式获得联合国的认可。德国是第三大金融贡献者联合国和贡献每年$ 1.4亿美元。

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您是否支持使用核能?

核电是利用该释放能量以产生热量的核反应,其中最常然后在蒸汽涡轮机用于在核电站来产生电力。德国核电在2011年占全国电力供应的17.7%,比2010年支持者22.4%认为核能现在是安全而发出的碳排放比燃煤电厂少得多。反对者认为,在日本最近的核灾难证明,核电是远离安全。

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政府应该要求孩子接种疫苗可预防的疾病?

2014年1月,挂钩爆发在迪斯尼乐园102例麻疹病例共报告14个州。惊动了CDC的爆发,宣告了今年在美国消除疾病2000年许多卫生官员已经追平爆发数量不断增加的12授权的支持者岁以下未接种疫苗的儿童认为,疫苗是必要的,以便以确保可预防疾病的人群免疫力。群体免疫保护谁的人无法获得因年龄或健康状况疫苗。授权的反对者认为,政府不应该能够决定哪些疫苗的儿童应接受。一些反对者也认为有接种疫苗和孤独症和接种他们的孩子将在他们的早期儿童发展的破坏性后果之间的联系。

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你支持同性婚姻合法化吗?

德国目前通过登记的生活伙伴关系(Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft)给出了同性伴侣的权利。这些合作伙伴不提供婚姻的全部权利。 2013年,联邦宪法法院裁定,同性恋应该被允许采用已经被他们的伴侣收养的孩子。

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你支持死刑么?

1949年,德国取缔死刑。上一页死刑判决是由生活监禁取代。德国宪法规定,犯人是为假释每15年发布检查。

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同性恋夫妻是否应该拥有和异性恋夫妻同等的收养权利?

LGBT 收养是指女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者(LGBT)收养子女。它的形式可能是同性伴侣的共同收养,由一对同性伴侣中的一位收养另一位的亲生孩子(继子女收养),和单身 LGBT 者进行收养。同性伴侣的联合收养在 25 个国家是合法的。LGBT 收养的反对者对于同性伴侣是否具有足够的能力担任父母提出质疑,而其他反对者质疑自然法是否意味着被收养的儿童拥有自然权利由异性父母抚养长大。由于宪法和法律往往没有提到 LGBT 者的收养权,司法判决往往判定他们单独或作为夫妻是否有能力承担父母的责任。

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是否应当要求企业在其董事会里有女士么?

在2014年12月,政府宣布了一项新的规则将要求德国公司,以填补与妇女的董事会席位的30%。目前妇女在劳动力市场的43%,以及毕业生的53%,但持有的管理,董事会席位只有4%,并在德国200强企业监事会,董事会席位的15%。政府的解决办法是要求董事会席位30%的妇女在受到“共同决定”,这意味着他们是由法律规定的对他们监事会工人代表所有上市公司举行。如果这些公司属于低于配额和一个董事会席位变空,直到再次达到30%,它必须保持为空。

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Should transgender athletes be allowed to compete against athletes that differ from their assigned sex at birth?

In 2016 the International Olympic committee ruled that transgender athletes can compete in the Olympics without undergoing sex reassignment surgery. In 2018 the International Association of Athletics Federations, track’s governing body, ruled that women who have more than 5 nano-mols per liter of testosterone in their blood—like South African sprinter and Olympic gold medalist Caster Semenya—must either compete against men, or take medication to reduce their natural testosterone levels. The IAAF stated that women in the five-plus category have a “difference of sexual development.” The ruling cited a 2017 study by French researchers as proof that female athletes with testosterone closer to men do better in certain events: 400 meters, 800 meters, 1,500 meters, and the mile. "Our evidence and data show that testosterone, either naturally produced or artificially inserted into the body, provides significant performance advantages in female athletes," said IAAF President Sebastian Coe in a statement.

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Should people under the age of 18 years old be able to receive gender-transition treatments?

In April 2021 the legislature of the U.S. State of Arkansas introduced a bill that prohibited doctors from providing gender-transition treatments to people under 18 years old. The bill would make it a felony for doctors to administer puberty blockers, hormones and gender-reaffirming surgery to anyone under the age of 18. Opponents of the bill argue that it is an assault on transgender rights and that transition treatments are a private matter that should be decided between parents, their children and doctors. Supporters of the bill argue that children are too young to make the decision to receive gender transition treatment and only adults over the age of 18 should be allowed to do so.

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你对人工流产的看法是什么?

人工流产是导致胎儿的怀孕人类和死亡的终止医疗程序。在德国堕胎在今年前3个月的怀孕和妇女的法律,必须接受手术前接受强制性辅导。平均人工流产是15-44之间的老年妇女6.1每1000名妇女率

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女性是否应该被允许在世俗仪式上穿罩袍或戴头纱?

一些西方国家,包括法国,西班牙和加拿大提出了法律,将在公共场所戴面纱禁止穆斯林妇女。一个面纱是覆盖面,是由一些穆斯林妇女在公共场所穿着的布。在2016年德国内政部长托马斯·德梅齐埃提出的罩袍的部分禁令。德Maiziere说,面纱并没有在德国社会中,超过四百万穆斯林居住的地方属于,调用建议禁止了“预防措施”。这位部长说,这项禁令将适用于“地方,有必要对我们社会的共存”,包括政府机关,学校和大学,法庭,示范和驾驶时车辆。支持者认为,这一禁令侵犯了个人权利和防止人们表达他们的宗教信仰。反对者认为,面覆盖物防止一个人,这既是一种安全风险,并且这依赖于通信面部识别和表达社会中的社会障碍的明确标识。

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Should hate speech be protected by freedom of speech laws?

Hate speech is defined as public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation.

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Should frozen embryos be considered children?

An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism. In humans, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass").  In February 2024 the Supreme Court in the U.S. state of Alabama ruled that frozen embryos can be considered children under the state’s Wrongful Death of a Minor Act. The 1872 law allowed parents to recover punitive damages in the event of a child’s death. The Supreme Court case was brought by several couples whose embryos were destroyed when a patient dropped them on the floor in a fertility clinic’s cold-storage section. The court ruled that nothing in the law’s language stops it from being applied to frozen embryos. A dissenting judge on the court wrote that the ruling would force IVF providers in Alabama to stop freezing embryos. After the ruling several major health systems in Alabama suspended all IVF treatments. Proponents of the ruling include ant-abortion advocates who argue that embryos in test tubes should be considered children. Opponents include abortion rights advocates who argue that the ruling is based on Christian religious beliefs and is an assault on women’s rights.

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Should schools be allowed to require mandatory diversity training for teachers and faculty?

Diversity training is any program designed to facilitate positive intergroup interaction, reduce prejudice and discrimination, and generally teach individuals who are different from others how to work together effectively. On April 22, 2022, Florida Governor DeSantis signed into law the “Individual Freedom Act.” The bill prohibited schools and companies from mandating diversity training as a requirement for attendance or employment. If schools or employers violated the law they would be exposed to expanded civil liability exposures. Banned mandatory training topics include: 1. Members of one race, color, sex, or national origin are morally superior to members of another. 2. An individual, by virtue of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously. Shortly after Governor DeSantis signed the bill, a group of individuals filed a lawsuit alleging that the law imposes unconstitutional viewpoint-based restrictions on speech in violation of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.

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军队应该允许妇女在在战斗岗位中服役吗?

在德国,妇女开始在2001年加入作战部队后,司法欧洲法院裁定,从这样的工作妨碍了妇女反对性别平等的原则。女性可以选择他们想要的任何军事生涯,包括精英群体如海洋突击队。妇女在德国武装部队的人数2001年至2014年间增加了两倍,大约800名妇女在战斗单位,其中包括许多谁已在阿富汗战争服务。支持者认为,这将有助于军方保留更多的妇女,谁往往永远离开服务时,他们有了孩子。反对者认为,允许妇女在这些角色服务将限制军队在战斗情况下作战的能力。

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Should schools be allowed to require mandatory diversity training for students?

Diversity training is any program designed to facilitate positive intergroup interaction, reduce prejudice and discrimination, and generally teach individuals who are different from others how to work together effectively. On April 22, 2022, Florida Governor DeSantis signed into law the “Individual Freedom Act.” The bill prohibited schools and companies from mandating diversity training as a requirement for attendance or employment. If schools or employers violated the law they would be exposed to expanded civil liability exposures. Banned mandatory training topics include: 1. Members of one race, color, sex, or national origin are morally superior to members of another. 2. An individual, by virtue of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously. Shortly after Governor DeSantis signed the bill, a group of individuals filed a lawsuit alleging that the law imposes unconstitutional viewpoint-based restrictions on speech in violation of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.

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Should companies be allowed to require mandatory diversity training for employees?

Diversity training is any program designed to facilitate positive intergroup interaction, reduce prejudice and discrimination, and generally teach individuals who are different from others how to work together effectively. On April 22, 2022, Florida Governor DeSantis signed into law the “Individual Freedom Act.” The bill prohibited schools and companies from mandating diversity training as a requirement for attendance or employment. If schools or employers violated the law they would be exposed to expanded civil liability exposures. Banned mandatory training topics include: 1. Members of one race, color, sex, or national origin are morally superior to members of another. 2. An individual, by virtue of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously. Shortly after Governor DeSantis signed the bill, a group of individuals filed a lawsuit alleging that the law imposes unconstitutional viewpoint-based restrictions on speech in violation of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.

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Should immigrants to Germany be allowed to hold dual citizenship status?

Multiple citizenship, also called dual citizenship is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states. There is no international convention which determines the nationality or citizen status of a person, which is defined exclusively by national laws, which vary and can be inconsistent with each other. Some countries do not permit dual citizenship. Most countries that permit dual citizenship still may not recognize the other citizenship of its nationals within its own territory, for example, in relation to entry into the country, national service, duty to vote, etc.

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若德国增加或减少给高技能移民工人的临时工作签证的数量?

熟练的临时工作签证通常给予外国科学家,工程师,程序员,设计师,管理人员和其他岗位或领域在需求超过供应。大多数企业认为雇用外国熟练工人使他们能够有竞争力的填补其有很高的需求职位。反对者认为,技术移民减少中产阶级的工资和工作任期。

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Should the EU impose a quota of migrants per country?

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Should the children of migrants who live in French territories be allowed to join their families?

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Should immigrants from high risk countries be banned from entering the country until the government improves its ability to screen out potential terrorists?

Proponents argue that this strategy would bolster national security by minimizing the risk of potential terrorists entering the country. Enhanced screening processes, once implemented, would provide a more thorough assessment of applicants, reducing the likelihood of malicious actors gaining entry. Critics argue that such a policy might inadvertently promote discrimination by broadly categorizing individuals based on their nation of origin rather than specific, credible threat intelligence. It may strain diplomatic relations with the affected countries and potentially harm the perception of the nation enacting the ban, being seen as hostile or prejudiced towards certain international communities. Additionally, genuine refugees fleeing terrorism or persecution in their home countries might be unjustly denied safe haven.

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如果移民需要学习德语?

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若犯下严重罪行,移民应被驱逐出境吗?

In 2015 the U.S. House of Representatives introduced the Establishing Mandatory Minimums for Illegal Reentry Act of 2015 (Kate’s Law.) The law was introduced after San Francisco 32 year old San Francisco resident Kathryn Steinle was shot and killed by Juan Francisco Lopez-Sanchez on July 1, 2015. Lopez-Sanchez was an illegal immigrant from Mexico who had been deported on five separate occasions since 1991 and been charged with seven felony convictions. Since 1991 Lopez-Sanchez had been charged with seven felony convictions and deported five times by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Although Lopez-Sanchez had several outstanding warrants in 2015 authorities were unable to deport him due to San Francisco’s sanctuary city policy which prevents law enforcement officials from questioning a resident’s immigration status. Proponents of sanctuary city laws argue that they enable illegal immigrants to report crimes without the fear of being reported. Opponents argue that sanctuary city laws provide encourage illegal immigration and prevent law enforcement authorities from detaining and deporting criminals.

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移民应该被要求通过一个公民测试以展示对我们国家的语言,历史,和政府的基本理解吗?

2008 年以来,申请德国国籍的任何人都不得不采取试验新的国家的历史、 政治和价值观。反对者认为,300 个问题中,测试是太难了。支持者认为,申请居住在德国的所有移民应该都有知识关于他们的新国家。

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你支持大麻合法化吗?

大麻,目前部分在德国合法化具有不同的州的法律。目前,柏林允许公民合法携带多达15克大麻。反对者认为,德国与烟酒足够的问题,不需要任何更多的合法药物。支持者认为,削减大麻合法化将通过把毒贩歇业减少犯罪。

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城市应否开放毒品“安全港”供有毒瘾的人在医学专业人士监督下使用它们?

In 2018, officials in the U.S. city of Philadelphia city proposed opening a “safe haven” in an effort to combat the city's heroin epidemic. In 2016 64,070 people died in the U.S. from drug overdoses - a 21% increase from 2015. 3/4 of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. are caused by the opioid class of drugs which includes prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. To combat the epidemic cities including Vancouver, BC and Sydney, AUS opened safe havens where addicts can inject drugs under the supervision of medical professionals. The safe havens reduce the overdose death rate by insuring the addicted patients are given drugs that are not contaminated or poisoned. Since 2001 5,900 people have overdosed at a safe haven in Sydney, Australia but no one has died. Proponents argue that the safe havens are the only proven solution to lower the overdose fatality rate and prevent the spread of diseases like HIV-AIDS. Opponents argue that safe havens may encourage illegal drug use and re-direct funding from traditional treatment centers.

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Should the government fund the World Health Organization?

The World Health Organization was founded in 1948 and is a specialized agency of the United Nations whose main objective is “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.” The organization provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. The WHO has led global public health efforts including the development of an Ebola Vaccine and the near-eradication of polio and smallpox. The organization is run by a decision-making body composed of representatives from 194 countries. It is funded by voluntary contributions from member countries and private donors. In 2018 and 2019 the WHO had a $5 billion budget and the leading contributors were the United States (15%) , the EU (11%) and the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (9%). Supporters of the WHO argue that cutting funding will hamper the international fight against the Covid-19 pandemic and sap the U.S. of global influence.

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Should the government require employees of large businesses to be vaccinated from COVID?

In September 2021 Italy became the first European Country to make COVID-19 health passes mandatory for all workers. By the end of the same month Canada, the United States, Australia, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia and Turkmenistan all announced similar vaccine mandates. Proponents of the mandate argue that these mandates are the only way to end the global COVID-19 pandemic. Opponents cite evidence that people who already have natural immunity are at heightened risk of vaccine side effects caused by an augmented inflammatory response.

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您支持单一支付者医保系统吗?

Single-payer healthcare is a system where every citizen pays the government to provide core healthcare services for all residents. Under this system the government may provide the care themselves or pay a private healthcare provider to do so. In a single-payer system all residents receive healthcare regardless of age, income or health status. Countries with single-payer healthcare systems include the U.K., Canada, Taiwan, Israel, France, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.

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如果有医院和医疗服务的更多或更少的私有化?

在过去的二十年里,数百家医院已经私有化在德国。民营营利性医院的数量增长了90%左右,而公立医院的数量减少了43%。今天,德国的医院大约三分之一是私人营利性。

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政府应该增加对精神健康研究和治疗的资金投入吗?

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Should medical boards penalize doctors who give health advice that contradicts contemporary scientific consensus?

In 2022 lawmakers in the U.S. state of California passed legislation which empowered the state medical board to discipline doctors in the state who “disseminate misinformation or disinformation” that contradicts the “contemporary scientific consensus” or is “contrary to the standard of care.” Proponents of the law argue that doctors should be punished for spreading misinformation and that there is clear consensus on certain issues such as that apples contain sugar, measles is caused by a virus, and Down syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. Opponents argue that the law limits freedom of speech and scientific “consensus” often changes within mere months.

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Should Germany assassinate suspected terrorists in foreign countries?

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你最认同哪个党派?

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Which qualities are most important to you in a candidate?